Home Page
Send E-Mail

图

* 图的表述

  1. Fig.1 shows (illustrates, displays, indicates, decipts, presents, delineates, suggests, summarizes) the monthly mean temperature field. 图1 给出月平均温度场。
  2. Fig.2 is a summary of the data for u’v’. 图2 是u’v’资料的归纳。
  3. The operations performed are illustrated symbolically in Fig. 1. 所完成的操作程序在图1中以符号表示出来。
  4. Shown is the variation of the difference of the net radiative flux of the atmospheric column between totally covered and clear skies of low, middle and high clouds plotted as a function of latitude. Two points are apparent. First, .... Second, .....图中给出了密云天空和晴空（无低云、中云和高云）条件下，气柱中净辐射通量差值随纬度的变化。

* 图的分析

  1. It can be seen from Fig. 2  (It is evident from Fig. 2, From Fig. 2 it is apparent, With reference to Fig.2 we can see) that Body A moves faster than Body B. 由图2 可知，物体A 比物体B 运动得快。
  2. The figure shows that the maximum precipitation occurred to the east of Indonesia. 此图表明最大降水出现在印尼之东。
  3. As can be seen in Fig. 1 λ+ started to increase gradually from May 3 and the same thing happened to the exposure rate. 从图1 可以看出，λ+从5 月3 日起开始逐渐增长，照射量也是如此。
  4. As shown in the table, a scattered sky is the same as partly cloudy and broken sky is identical with a cloudy one. 如表所示，疏云天与“少云”一致，而裂云天则与多云一致。
  5. Upon comparison of Figs. 1 and 2 we find ... 比较图1和图2可知...。 Comparison of these figures shows ... 比较这些图可知...。
  6. (see, for example, Fig. 1 of McIntyre and Palmer, 1984) (如可参见McIntyre和Palmer(1984)文中的图1).
  7. The 500-hPa height field shows a well-developed blocking high over the Gulf of Alaska, which lasts another seven days. 500 百帕高度场表明，在阿拉斯加海湾上空有一发展得很好的阻塞高压，后来它又持续了7 天。 

* 相关分布图 

  1. Spatial distributions of the correlation coefficients between the NAO index and monthly averaged 500 hPa GHT (1948-2009). The shading indicates significant areas at the 95% confidence level. Contour interval is 0.2.
  2. Fig. 1 (a) Correlation coefficients (r) between A and B. Only significant (p<0.05) correlations are shown. (b) Correlation coefficients between surface-gridded temperatures from the Reanalysis project and sea-ice area in the Barents and Kara seas. Period is 1981–2005. Field significance, accounting for multiplicity, is shown in the upper part of each panel as: **: p<0.01; *: p<0.05; NS, not significant. 
  3. Figure 2. Spatial distribution of correlation of the 500 hPa geopotential height anomaly time series (Seasonal JFM) at all points on the Northern Hemisphere with the time series at a specified “base point” - North Pacific. Red (blue ) colors siginificant positive (negative) correlation at  the 95% confidence level. Yellow arrow indicate meridional orientation of spatial structure existing in the correlation pattern. (Picture courtesy of Prashant Sardeshmukh, CDC/OAR) 
  4. Fig. 6. One-point correlation map showing the correlation coefficient between 50 hPa height at the North Pole grid point and 500 hPa height every grid point. Based on 45 winter months (Decembers, Januarys and Februarys for the winters 1962-63 to 1976-77). Contour interval is 0.2.

* 合成分析图

I. 图题

  1. Fig. 5. Composite anomaly maps for five winters analyzed by Dickson (1977) which were cold in the eastern United States and had 700 hPa ridges over western Canada: 1960-61, 1962-63, 1967-68, 1969-70 and 1976-77. Means computed from the same 84-month data set as Fig. 2. (a) 700 hPa height, contour interval 20 m; (b) 1000-700 hPa thickness; contour interval 10 m; (c) sea level pressure, contour interval 2 hPa. (注意：这里有一个缺陷，就是没有说明统计显著性。)
  2. Figure 2. Composite maps of surface air temperature (shading), sea-level pressure (contours), and precipitation (numbers) for high NAM-index (top) and low NAM-index (bottom) days based on daily JFM data, 1958–1997, from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis. Contour intervals are 5°C for temperature (blue shades indicate values less than 0°C over North America and Europe and –10°C over the Arctic), and 3 millibars (mb) for SLP (highest contour is 1022 mb over North America and 1025 mb over Europe). Precipitation is in cm/month. (注意：这里针对合成而不是合成差，所以，可以不给统计显著性。) 

II. 合成分析

  1. Composite maps of surface air temperature (SAT) and SLP for the high- and low-index polarities of the NAM (Fig. 2) reveal the most pronounced differences over Europe, but substantial differences are observed over North America and the Arctic basin as well. High-index conditions are characterized (marked) bywesterly geostrophic surface winds along 55°N and transpolar flow from Russia toward Canada, whereas low-index conditions are marked by (are suggestive of) cold anticyclones centered over central Canada and Russia and an anticyclonic surface circulation throughout the Arctic basin. High-index days are, on average, ∼5°C warmer over much of the midwestern United States, central Canada, and Europe. The 0°C isotherm runs through the southern Great Lakes and eastern Europe on high-index days but dips into the Ohio Valley and extends westward into France on low-index days. High-index days are warmer throughout the Barents and Kara Seas, but warm anomalies observed under high-index conditions in buoy data over the western Arctic are only weakly apparent. Consistent with previous studies (1-5), the contrasting polarities of the NAM are associated with large differences in the distribution of precipitation over Europe and the Middle East; substantial differences are observed over the west coast of North America as well.
  2. The contrasting polarities of the NAM are marked by distinct differences in the frequency distribution of significant weather events throughout the NH, consistent with the results presented in Fig. 2 and 3. Cold events occur with much greater frequency over North America, Europe, Siberia, and east Asia under low-index conditions (Fig. 4, top;  Tables 2 and 3), increasing the risk of frost damage and the frequency of occurrence of frozen precipitation events over regions where these events tend to be mainly temperature-limited (Tables 2 and 3). High-index conditions are marked by an increased frequency of occurrence of strong winds over northern Europe and the Pacific Northwest (Table 2). In New England, the juxtaposition of strong winds and snowfall, the hallmark of coastal storms known as “Nor'easters,” occurs more frequently under low-index conditions. 
  3. The positive NAO index phase shows a stronger than usual subtropical high pressure center and a deeper than normal Icelandic low.
  4. The positive phase of the NAO reflects below-normal heights and pressure across the high latitudes of the North Atlantic and above-normal heights and pressure over the central North Atlantic, the eastern United States and western Europe. The negative phase reflects an opposite pattern of height and pressure anomalies over these regions. Both phases of the NAO are associated with basin-wide changes in the intensity and location of the North Atlantic jet stream and storm track, and in large-scale modulations of the normal patterns of zonal and meridional heat and moisture transport (Hurrell 1995), which in turn results in changes in temperature and precipitation patterns often extending from eastern North America to western and central Europe (Walker and Bliss 1932, van Loon and Rogers 1978, Rogers and van Loon 1979).
  5. When the AO index is positive, surface pressure is high in the polar region. This helps the middle latitude jet stream to blow strongly and consistently from west to east, thus keeping cold Arctic air locked in the polar region. When the AO index is negative, there tends to be low pressure in the polar region, weaker zonal winds, and greater movement of frigid polar air into middle latitudes.

Questions, comments, suggestions? E-Mail me, please!     |     论文管理

Powered by Duckling2.1 (DCT 5.1.35)